Mathematics: Tips for Solving Blood Relations Problems in Competitive Exams

Tips for Solving Blood Relations Problems

Blood relation test depends upon the knowledge of candidates towards the relations.

• Read the data quickly to get a "feel" of the question.
• Use special symbols for different relation while drawing family tree. Put a + sign before male and - sign before female. Use = sign to represent brother or sister relationships and <=> sign to represent marriages.
• Start with the last information and process backwords. For example, if it is given that her mother's son is the only son of my mother fathers, then we proceed with the last information; only son of my mother;s fathers.
• It is advisable to begin with a sentence that gives information about parent-child relation ship in complex questions.

(Husband) (The relationship of husband and wife)

                         + A <=> B - (wife)

                             ↓              ↓

        (Daughter) - C   =   D +  (Son)

(The relationship of brother and sister)

Blood Relation Chart

Chart of Relations
1	The father of father	Grandfather
2	The mother of father	Grandmother
3	The brother of father	Uncle
4	The sister of father	Aunt
5	The son and daughter of sister	Nephew/Niece
6	Uncle’s children	Cousin
7	Mother or father’s son	Brother
8	Mother’s father’s daughter	Sister
9	Mother’s brother	Maternal uncle
10	Mother’s sister	Aunt
11	Mother’s mother	Grandmother
12	Maternal Uncle’ children	Cousin
13	Mother’s father	Grandfather
14	Son’s wife	Daughter-in-law
15	Daughter’s husband	Son-in-law
16	Husband’s brother	Brother-in-law
17	Wife’s brother	Brother-in-law
18	Husband’s sister	Sister-in-law
19	Wife’s sister	Sister-in-law
20	Brother’s daughter	Niece
21	Brother’s son	Nephew
22	Sister’s husband	Brother-in-law
23	Brother’s wife	Sister-in-law

Sample Problems:

1) What will be the daughter of the woman who is the mother of the husband of my mother to me ?

(A) Granddaughter   (B) Mother  (C) Aunt   (D) Daughter

Solution: The husband of my mother will be my father; his mother will be my grandmother; her daughter will be my aunt. 

Hence Solution is Aunt

2) A women sees the photograph of a man and says. "This man's sister is my mother-in-law." How is the woman's husband related to the man in the photograph ?

Solution: The man's sister is the woman's mother-in-law; therefore the man in the photograph is the brother of the woman's husband's mother 

Hence Solution is Uncle.

3) Pointing to a man in photograph, a woman said, "His mother's son is my father." Then, how is the woman related to that man ?

(A) Daughter   (B) Niece    (C) Uncle         (D) Data Inadequate

Solution: "His mother's son" means either the person himself or his brother. So, the woman is either daughter or niece of the man in the photograph.

Hence, Solution is Inadequate.

Mathematics: Tips for Solving Series Problems in Competitive Exams

Tips for Solving Series Problem 

Series: The well arranged ordered of number/letter placed in a sequence group is called series.

A special group of numbers/letters is given in the arranged order. A particular place is left blank in the series. Students are expected to choose out the correct option and fill the blank. By these questions, the motive is to check out the ability of candidates to calculate fastly. It is also examined that how fastly a candidate establishes relationship among given elements of the series.

The questions asked from this chapter can be classified in three groups:

1. Number Series
2. Alphabet Series
3. Letter Series

1. Number Series: In number series, the given series can be based on sum, subtraction, multiplication, division, square, square root, cube, cube root etc.,

While solving the questions based on number series, these following points should always be kept in mind.

• ( i ) If the number of the given series are increasing equally, then definitely addition is taking place there.
• ( ii ) If the number of the given series decreases consecutively, then definitely subtraction is taking place there.
• ( iii ) If the number of the given series increases rapidly, then multiplication is in action there.
• ( iv ) If the number of the given series decreases rapidly, then definitely division is in action there.
• ( v ) If the series increases rapidly and then it decreases rapidly, then multiplication and division is taking place one by one.
• ( vi ) It is necessary to know about the 1 to 13 number cubes, 1 to 20 number squares and prime numbers.

Types of Question were asked in Number Series:

( i ) Completing the Given Series: In the question of this type a special place in the series is left blank and students have to fill the appropriate option in the blank by finding out the order of the numbers of series.

( ii ) Picking the Wrong Element out of the Series: In the question of this type, a series is given of which one element is placed wrong. Students have to choose out the wrong element from the series.

2. Alphabet Series: In this type of series, a series consisting of letters of alphabet is given. One or two letters of the series kept hidden and that place becomes blank or it is denoted by " ? ". Students have to fill up the appropriate letter from the options by observing the series carefully.

3. Letter Series: In letter Series, a set of letters is written four or five times with blank spaces in between. The series follows a specific pattern and the candidate is required to find out the letters which should come in place of the blank spaces.

Sample Problem: 

1) Which of the following number of the given options will come in place of question in the series ?

            1, 8, 27, 64, ?

Solution: The series is increased by 1³, 2³, 3³, 4³..........

Hence, the next number will be 5³ or 125.

2) In the series given below, only one element is wrong, find the wrong element.

(a) 3     (b) 5   (c) 9  (d) 11

Solution: The series consists of consecutive prime numbers. But the element 9 is wrong in the series because 9 is not a prime number.

3) In the following question, a series of letters has been given, a letter has been kept hidden. Find the appropriate letter from the given options by studying the series carefully.

           A, C, F, H, ?, M

Solution: In the series, the first letter increases by 2 places, while the second letter increases by 3 places and this is repeated further.

    H + 3 places = K.

4) In the series given below some of the letters are missing which are given in that order as one of the alternative below it.

a_bbc_aab_cca_bbcc

Solution: In the series, the pattern aabbcc is repeated. Hence, the series is

aabbccaabbccaabbcc

Mathematics: You Must Know the Important Facts about Statistics for Competitive Exam Preparation

Important Facts about Statistics

Collection of Data

Collection of data is the first step in statistics towards achieving the goal on conclusion. There are different sources of collection of data.

There are three main type of data on the basis of collection are as follows

• ( i ) Primary Data: The data collected actually in the process of investigation by the investigator is known as primary data.
• ( ii ) Secondary Data: Data which is already collected by other persons is called as secondary data

Ex:- As investigator collects data related to industries through the government publication.

• ( iii ) Raw Data: It is ungrouped data. If the data is large, the need is to condense the data according to the need of the user. It could be presented into classes of groups. The rules in setting up classes are

• a) Classes should be without gaps in between and also should be non-overlapping.

• b) Classes, normally, should be of the same size.

• c) Normally, open-ended classes should not be formulated.

• d) Each class must have a lower limit and upper limit. The difference between both the limits is called the class interval.

Methods of Classification of Data:

( i ) Exclusive Method:

When the class intervals are so fixed that the upper limit of one class is the lower limit of the next class, it is known as the exclusive methods of classification. In this method, the upper limit of a class is not included in the class. Thus, in the class 0-10 of marks obtained by students, a student who has obtained 10 marks is not included in the class. He is counted in the next class of 10-20.

( ii ) Inclusive Method:

In this method, the classes are so formed that the upper limit of a class is included in the class. 

Important Definitions:

• 1. Frequency: The number of times a particular observation occurs is called frequency of that observation.

• 2. Class Frequency: The frequency of a class in a continuous frequency distribution is called as class frequency.

• 3. Class Mark: It is the mind value of the class interval.

                         

                        Lower limit of class + Upper limit of class

Class Mark =   ---------------------------------------------

                                         2

• 4. Range: It is the difference between the highest and the lowest values of the observation.

                  Range = Maximum observation -  Minimum observation

Ex:- Range of the observations 4, 7, 8, 10, 12

                    = 12 - 4 = 8

• 5. Cumulative Frequency: The cumulative frequency of a class interval is the sum of frequencies of all classes up to that class including the frequency of that particular class.

Mathematics: Tips for Solving Percentage Problems in Competitive Exams

Tips for Solving Percentage Problems

In mathematics, percentage is a way of expressing a number as a fraction of 100 (per cent means per hundred). It is often denoted using the percent sign, "%" Ex:- 45% (read as "forty fiver percent") is equal to 45/100 or 0.45.

The percentage is used to express how large quantity and small quantity are related to another quantity. It has using two quantities; usually the first quantity represents the part of second quantity and it should be greater than zero. Percentage helps to find and express numbers between zero and one, any dimensionless proportionality can be expressed as a percentage.

Ex:- 129% is 1.29 and 0.29% is 0.0029.

How to Solve the Percentage Problems:

• For converting a fraction and a decimal to a percentage, multiply it by hundred.
• For converting a percentage to a fraction and decimal, divide by hundred.
• We can write a fraction and a decimal as a percentage.

Example 1:-  What is the Percentage of 79% ?

Solution:- 79/100 = 0.79

Example 2:-  Define 2 ½ % as a fraction.

                                  2½         5 /2          5          1

 Solution:-  2½  % =  ------  =   ----   =  ----   =  ----

                                  100          100        200       40  

Example 3: -

A basket contains 250 eggs. 150 were not broken. What percentage of the eggs were broken ?

Solution:- Number of eggs = 250

               

            Number of eggs not broken = 150

There fore Number of eggs broken = 250- 150 = 100

                                           100

Broken egg's percentage = -----  x 100% = 40 %

                                          150

Example 4:- What is the value of 84.5% of 46 ?

                             84.5   

Solution:- 84.5 = ------- x 46  = 0.845 x 46  = 38.87

                             100

Example 5:- What  percentage of 2.75 is 25 ?

                                                         25   

Solution:- Required percentage = -------- x 100

                                                        2.75

                                              

                                             =  9.09%